Capital letters and Punctuation
a. To begin a sentence
b. For all proper nouns
c. For the pronoun ‘I’
d. After a full stop
e. For titles
II ) Use of full stop ( . )
a)
A full stop(.) is
used at the end of a
sentence
b)It
is used for short forms.
Example: Mr. ,
Dr. , Rev.
III ) Use of commas ( , )
A comma is used for a short pause. It is used
to separate a group of words.
Example
: Mother brought tomatoes, potatoes,
onions and chilies from the market.
IV ) Exclamation mark ( ! )
Exclamation marks are used after words
expressing emotions.
Eg: Alas! Oh!
V ) Inverted commas ( " ")
Inverted commas are used to enclose the
exact words of a speaker or a questioner.
Eg. The teacher said, “Please keep quiet.”
VI )
Question mark ( ? )
A question mark is used at the end, when a question is asked.
Example :
Where is your mother?
Punctuations
I. Rewrite the following
sentences using capital letters and punctuation marks where necessary:
1.
when will you return
2. mother said carry your
umbrella with you
3.harsh said i am going to
goa tomorrow
4.ronny and savio are friends
5.alas your cat is dead
Nouns
A noun
is a naming word.
Kinds
of nouns
1. Proper noun: It is a name given to a particular person
or place.
Eg.
Rahul, Kurla
All
proper nouns begin with a capital letter.
2. Common nouns: It is a name given in common to person,
place or thing.
Eg.
dog, garden
3. Collective nouns: It is a name given to a number of
persons, animals or things taken
together
and spoken of as one whole.
Eg.
team, flock
1)
An album of photograph
2)
A bale of cotton
3)
A choir of singers
4)
A tuft of grass
5)
A bundle of sticks
6)
An army of soldiers
8)
A collection of stamps
9)
A board of directors
10)
A crew of sailors
11)
A stack of hay
12)
A clump of trees
13)
A shoal of fish
14)
A jury of judges
15)
A bouquet of flowers
16)
A team of players
17)
A bunch of grapes
18)
A crowd of people
19)
A flock of sheep
20)
A gang of thieves
21)
A fleet of ship
22)
A pack of wolves
23)
A class of students
24)
A swarm of bees
25)
A litter of puppies
26)
A bunch of keys
27)
A packet of cigarettes
28)
A group of boys
29)
A library of books
30
) A pack of cards
Noun Gender
I)
A noun that denotes a male is said to be Masculine
Gender.
Eg: boy, uncle
II)
A noun that
denotes a female is said to be Feminine Gender.
Eg: girl, aunt
III)
A noun that
denotes either a male or female is said to be Common Gender.
Eg: child, doctor
IV)
A noun that
denotes a thing that is neither male nor female is called Neuter Gender.
Eg: book, pen
Masculine Feminine
bachelor spinster
bull cow
drake duck
drone bee
gander goose
horse mare
lord lady
monk nun
sir madam
stag hind
wizard witch
author authoress
conductor conductress
he-goat she-goat
nephew
niece
tiger tigress
lion lioness
waiter waitress
gentleman lady
landlord landlady
peacock peahen
fox vixen
poet poetess
widower widow
hero heroine
Noun
Number
The
noun that denotes only one person, place, animal or thing is called a singular
noun.
The
noun that denotes more than one person, place, animal or thing is called a plural
noun.
Some
ways to change nouns from singular to plural are as follows.
1. Add ‘s’ to the singular nouns.
Eg:
window-windows
photo - photos
Noun
Number
2.
Add ‘es’ to singular noun that ends in
ch, sh, ss, x and sometimes end in o.
Eg:
bench-benches, fox - foxes
potato – potatoes, bush - bushes
3.
Nouns that end in ‘y’ into ‘ies’
Eg:
baby-babies, story- stories
4.
Nouns that ends in ‘f’ or ‘fe’ change the ‘f’or fe into ‘ves’
Eg:
wife- wives, shelf- shelves
5.
Some plural forms of nouns are quite different from their singular forms.
Eg:
ox- oxen, goose- geese, foot -feet
Noun Number
Singular Plural
house houses
tomato tomatoes
river rivers
fly flies
boy boys
gravy gravies
bush bushes
church churches
calf calves
piano pianos
photo photos
class classes
monkey monkeys
child children
deer deer
tooth
teeth
mouse mice
baby babies
sheep sheep
sword swords
office offices
bench benches
cherry cherries
shelf shelves
nurse nurses
dwarf dwarfs
proof proofs
woman women
match matches
Verbs
A verb
is a doing or an action word.
Eg. eat, jump, walk
Verbs - Use of is-are, was-were, has-have-had
* We use is, are, has, have when we talk
about something
that is happening now.
1. We use is or has when we talk about a person or thing.
Eg. Seema is a girl.
Rita has a car.
2. We use are or have when we talk about two or more people
or things.
Eg. We are
students.
They have a pet rabbit.
3. We use was, were and had when we talk about something that
has already happened.
a)
We use ‘was’ or
‘had’ when we talk about any one person or thing.
Eg. Mary had a little lamb.
Ram
was a carpenter.
b)
We use ‘were’ when we talk about two or
more people or things.
Eg. - Those grapes were
sour.
The children were
happy
Verbs - Tenses
(time)
* The word ‘tense’ means time. The tense of a
verb shows the time of an action or event.
1. Simple present tense
(action happening now)
Eg:
Anita writes with a pen.
2. Simple past tense (action
already happened).
Eg:
Anita wrote with a pen.
3. Simple future tense (the
action will happen)
Eg:
Anita will write with a pen.
Present tense
|
Past tense
|
Future tense
|
is-
are
|
was-were
|
will
be
|
see
|
saw
|
will
see
|
eat
|
ate
|
will
eat
|
buy
|
bought
|
will
buy
|
catch
|
caught
|
will
catch
|
think
|
thought
|
will
think
|
teach
|
taught
|
will
teach
|
cut
|
cut
|
will
cut
|
draw
|
drew
|
will
draw
|
speak
|
spoke
|
will
speak
|
laugh
|
laughed
|
will
laugh
|
go
|
went
|
will
go
|
fall
|
fell
|
will
fall
|
do
|
did
|
will
do
|
Antonyms
fresh x stale
sharp x blunt
giant x dwarf
remember x
forget
accept x
reject
few x many
arrival x
departure
ancient
x modern
seldom x
often
old x young
open x shut
crooked x
straight
float x sink
sweet
x sour
defeat x victory
reward x punish
friend
x enemy
innocent x
guilty
wild x tame
everybody
x nobody
carefully
x carelessly
correct
x wrong
capture x release
slave x master
kind x
cruel
abundance x
scarcity
virtue x
vice
artificial x
natural
internal x
external
dream x
reality
barren x
fertile
entry x
exit
lend x borrow
soar x
sink
swell x
shrink
ADJECTIVE
An
adjective is a describing word. It describes a noun.
Q.1
Underline the adjective and circle the noun they describe.
1. The
cuckoo is a lazy bird
2.
There are few boys in my class.
3. The
foolish crow tried to sing.
4.
Sam had a red t-shirt.
5.
The old man had two daughters.
Kind of
Adjectives
1.
Adjective of quality-
It answer the question ‘what kind’
Eg: A young farmer had healthy
cows.
2.
Adjective of quantity-
It answer the question ‘how much’
Eg: Anita had little milk
3.
Adjective of numbers-
It
answer the question ‘how many’
It is used for countable nouns
Eg: My mother bought six soup bowls.
Comparison of Adjectives
* The list of the degree of comparison:
Positive Comparative Superlative
1.
bold bolder boldest
2.
sweet sweeter sweetest
3.
cold colder coldest
4.
kind kinder kindest
5.
clever cleverer cleverest
6.
brave braver bravest
7.
fine finer finest
8.
large larger largest
9.
wise wiser wisest
10.
noble nobler noblest
11.happy happier happiest
12.
easy easier easiest
13.
heavy heavier heaviest
14.
merry merrier merriest
15.
wealthy wealthier wealthiest
16.
red redder reddest
17.
big bigger biggest
18.
hot hotter hottest
19.
sad sadder saddest
20.
fat fatter fattest
21.
splendid more splendid most splendid
22.
beautiful more
beautiful most beautiful
23.
learned more learned most learned
24.
difficult more difficult most difficult
25.
courageous more courageous most courageous
26.
good better best
27.
bad worse worst
28.
little less least
29.
much more most
30.
many more most
Pronoun
A pronoun is
a word used instead of a noun.
Some
pronouns are – I, we, us, he, she, it
Personal
Pronouns are so called because they stand for three persons:
1. The
pronouns which refer to the person or persons speaking are called pronouns of
the First person.
Eg – I, we,
me, us, mine, ours
2. The
pronouns which refer to the person or persons spoken to are called pronouns of
the Second person.
Eg – you,
yours
3. The
pronouns which refer to the person or things spoken of are called pronouns of
the Third person.
Eg – he,
she, him, her, they, them, their, it
Adverbs
An adverb is
a word which adds meaning to the verb.
An adverb
modifies a verb or a verb phrase. It provides information about the manner,
place, time or other circumstances of the activity denoted by the verb.
Eg. – 1. She
is walking slowly.
2. The
kids are skating together.
Kinds of Adverbs
1. Adverb of Manner – It answers
the question “how” or “in what manner”.
Eg – The
girl ran fast.
Ran how? Ans: fast - Adverb of manner
2. Adverb of Place - It answers the
question “where”.
Eg – The
horse galloped away.
Galloped where? Ans: away – Adverb of Place
3. Adverb of Time – It answers the
question “when”
Eg – She
hurt her foot yesterday.
Hurt when? Ans: yesterday – Adverb of Time
Prepositions
* A preposition is a word that shows the
relation or position between the nouns.
Example
- of, on, above, under, near, across,
with, behind, at, to, into, by, besides, below, from, etc.
Conjunctions
A
conjunction is a word that joins two words or two sentences together.
Example –
and, but, or, because, if, when, though, until, yet, etc
Articles – ‘A’, ‘An’ and ‘The’
The three articles are a, an the
I We
use ‘a’ before words that begin with a consonant and to show the singular noun.
Eg- This is a bat
II We use ‘an’ before words
that begin with a vowel sound.
Eg- Take an umbrella with you.
* ‘a’ and ‘an’ are definite
articles
* When
we talk about something for the the first time we use an indefinite article.
III If we talk about something again and again
we use ‘the’.
‘The’ is called as a
definite article.
The definite article is used when
we talk about a particular thing.
Eg- We went to Agra to see the Taj Mahal.
‘The’ is also used when we wish
to use a noun to represent a whole kind, names of rivers, books, etc.
Eg- The Ganga is a river.
Exceptions:
1. Hour, honest, heir begin with
a vowel sound. So the initial consonant ‘h’ is not pronounced. Thus we say
An hour, an honest man, an heir
2. European, union, useful,
university begin with a consonant sound that of ‘you’. Thus we say
A European, a union, a useful article
Subject and
Predicate
* The subject of a sentence names the
people or things we are talking about.
Eg- 1. The baby cries loudly.
2. We play cricket every day.
* The predicate of a sentence tells us
something about the subject. The
predicate usually comes after the subject.
Eg- 1. The dog played in the park.
2. I go to school every day.
An adjectival phrase is a group of words that functions like
an adjective in a sentence. An adjective phrase functions like an adjective to
modify (or tell about) a noun or a pronoun in a sentence.
An adverbial phrase is
a group of words that functions as an adverb in a sentence. An adverb phrase
functions like an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
2. I
am a “doing word”. I show action, possession and status.
